Research studies show ETP minimizes the accumulation and crystallization of sulphate ions. These ions (SO4), existing in the electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid), become attached to the electrodes when discharged (the specific gravity decreases) and return to the solution when charged (the specific gravity increases).This is part of normal operations.

However, as this cycle is repeated, sulphate ions that are not actually involved in charging and discharging accumulate at the electrodes and crystallize, thus preventing full charging and discharging.

The product of this accumulation and crystallization is called “sulphation.”
This is what causes battery performance to first deteriorate and then die -- years earlier than necessary.

Scientific evidence as well as field tests were run on trucks, fork lifts, buses, and golf cars, etc. has shown that ETP extends battery life by preventing sulphation.

This relative gravity, which must increase (when charged) and decrease when discharged), is a key indicator of a lead-acid battery’s health. The chart shows the normal eterioration of a lead-acid battery both with and without ETP. A satisfactory relative gravity at 20oC is 1.280. A difference in specific gravity of just 0.03 can make as much as a 20% difference in the discharge capacity. By adding ETP, the relative gravity will recover to 1.280 or greater in six months to one year.